Xem mã nguồn của Thang độ lớn mô men

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{{Động đất}}
'''Thang độ lớn mô men''' ([[tiếng Anh]]: ''moment magnitude scale'', '''MMS'''; được ký hiệu rõ là '''{{M|w}}''' hoặc '''Mwg''', và thường ngầm hiểu khi sử dụng ký hiệu '''M''' đơn lẻ) là một cách đo độ lớn của [[động đất]] được phát triển năm [[1979]] bởi [[Tom Hanks (nhà địa chấn học)|Tom Hanks]] và [[Kanamori Hiroo]] để kế tiếp [[độ Richter|thang Richter]] ({{M|L}}, thang độ lớn địa phương), và được sử dụng bởi các nhà [[địa chấn học]] để so sánh năng lượng được phát ra bởi [[động đất]]. Độ lớn mô men <math>M_\mathrm{w}</math> là [[số không thứ nguyên]] được tính theo công thức

:<math>M_\mathrm{w} = {2 \over 3}\left(\log_{10} {M_0} - 9.1\right) = {2 \over 3}\left(\log_{10} {M_0} - 16.1\right),</math>

trong đó, <math>M_0</math> là [[mô men địa chấn]]. Ta dùng công thức đầu nếu <math>M_0</math> đo bằng N.m và công thức sau nếu <math>M_0</math> đo bằng dyn.cm. Ký hiệu của thang độ lớn mô men là <math>M_\mathrm{w}</math>, trong đó, chữ w tiểu là [[công cơ học]] được thực hiện. Năng lượng được phát ra bởi một trận động đất có độ 8 theo [[thang lôgarit]] này bằng 10<sup>1,5</sup> = 31,6 lần năng lượng của một trận có độ 7, và một trận có độ 9 mạnh bằng 10<sup>3</sup> = 1.000 lần của một trận có độ 7.

Các hằng số trong công thức được chọn để cho những độ lớn mô men ước lượng gần ứng với các thang khác, như là thang Richter. Một thuận lợi của thang độ lớn mô men là, khác với các thang độ lớn kia, nó không bão hòa đối với các độ lớn, tức là không có một giá trị mà các động đất mạnh hơn gần như cùng độ lớn. Ví thế, độ lớn mô men mới là cách phổ biến nhất để ước lượng độ lớn của trận động đất lớn.

Báo chí không chuyên môn về khoa học thường nói ra độ lớn động đất "theo thang Richter". Tuy nhiên, phần nhiều độ lớn được tính ra ngày nay thực sự tính theo thang độ lớn mô men, vì thang Richter cũ hơn không thích hợp với các độ lớn hơn 6,8. [[Cục Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ|Trung tâm Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ]] (USGS) không dùng thang <math>M_\mathrm{w}</math> đối với các trận động đất có độ lớn nhỏ hơn 3,5.

Các subtype của thang độ lớn mô men (ví dụ: {{M|ww}}…) phản ánh các cách ước tính mô men địa chấn khác nhau.

==Nguồn ==
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== Xem thêm ==
* [[Thang đo Mercalli]]

== Liên kết ngoài ==
* {{Britannica|1052580|Moment magnitude scale (seismology)}}
* {{TĐBKVN|5799|Thang động đất}}
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=2&faqID=23 Độ lớn mô men là gì?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922164335/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/faq.php?categoryID=2&faqID=23 |date=2008-09-22 }} (tiếng Anh)&nbsp;– Trung tâm Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ (USGS)

{{Thang địa chấn}}
{{sơ khai động đất}}

[[Thể loại:Thang địa chấn|Độ lớn mô men]]
[[Thể loại:Địa vật lý]]